ECOWAS’ fundamental principles at risk: The dilemma of military intervention in Niger

The recent military coup in Niger has caused widespread concern, particularly in West Africa, where the country is situated. The response from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has become a subject of intense debate since the democratically elected President Mohamed Bazoum was ousted. As Nigeria, often regarded as the regional leader, assumes […]

The recent military coup in Niger has caused widespread concern, particularly in West Africa, where the country is situated. The response from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has become a subject of intense debate since the democratically elected President Mohamed Bazoum was ousted. As Nigeria, often regarded as the regional leader, assumes the leadership of ECOWAS, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu’s plan for military intervention in Niger has drawn considerable attention and concern.

This article aims to underscore the reasons why a military response should be avoided, not only due to its potentially disastrous consequences but also because it would violate some fundamental principles of the ECOWAS Revised Treaty adopted in 1991 and ratified by its member states in 1993. Moreover, such intervention could tarnish President Tinubu’s reputation in post-independent West Africa and the ECOWAS organisation.

The ECOWAS Revised Treaty encompasses 11 key principles, including non-aggression between Member States, maintenance of regional peace through good neighbourliness, peaceful dispute settlement, and promotion of a democratic system of governance in each Member State. These principles carry immense significance and should serve as powerful deterrents, compelling President Tinubu and other ECOWAS heads of state to exercise utmost caution before considering a military solution in Niger or any other member country under military rule.

The principle of non-aggression between Member States stands as a fundamental cornerstone of ECOWAS’ commitment to regional stability and cooperation. Military intervention could jeopardise the peace and stability that ECOWAS has worked tirelessly to promote, risking the initiation of a dangerous cycle of violence and instability within the region. Such a course of action could undermine the organisation’s longstanding efforts to foster peaceful relations among member states.

Similarly, the emphasis on maintaining regional peace through good neighbourliness highlights the importance of nurturing amicable relationships between neighbouring countries. Opting for a military solution may exacerbate existing tensions, creating divisions within the organisation and hindering collective efforts to address shared challenges. This could seriously compromise ECOWAS’ pivotal role as a unifying force in West Africa, potentially leading to fractures within the organisation.

Furthermore, the principle of peaceful dispute settlement reaffirms the value of diplomatic dialogue and mediation. Military intervention could obstruct opportunities for constructive dialogue and compromise, impeding the pursuit of peaceful resolutions to conflicts. A diplomatic approach, aligned with ECOWAS’ principles, presents a more viable and sustainable path toward resolving the crisis in Niger and other member countries.

Throughout West Africa’s post-independence history, the region has been relatively free from inter-state violent conflicts. In fact, the only recorded violent inter-state conflict was the infamous Agacher Strip War between Burkina Faso and Mali in December 1985, which lasted merely five days before the two sides reached a ceasefire agreement. This remarkable record of relative peace can be largely attributed to the unwavering adherence of ECOWAS Member States to the principles of non-aggression and peaceful dispute resolution, as outlined in the Treaty.

President Tinubu’s intention to respond to Niger’s coup with military intervention raises significant concerns, particularly when acting on behalf of ECOWAS. Such a move would constitute an act of aggression towards a neighbouring country, directly violating the fundamental principles of the ECOWAS Revised Treaty.

To preserve regional peace and uphold the organisation’s values, ECOWAS should steadfastly adhere to peaceful means and continue its efforts to resolve the crisis in Niger without resorting to military intervention. This approach is essential to prevent the potential escalation of the crisis, which could have far-reaching consequences for the entire region. In light of the various transnational security issues plaguing the area, directing military personnel and resources toward the promotion of democracy becomes a misplacement of priorities.

By adhering to these principles, President Tinubu and other ECOWAS heads of state can demonstrate their unwavering dedication to upholding the organisation’s core values and fostering regional peace, stability, and good governance. Emphasising peaceful, diplomatic approaches to conflict resolution aligns with ECOWAS’ mission and reinforces its reputation as a highly respected regional organisation.

In conclusion, the principles enshrined in the ECOWAS Revised Treaty offer compelling arguments against pursuing a military solution in Niger or any other member country currently under military rule. Adherence to these principles not only safeguards regional stability and cooperation but also reinforces ECOWAS’ credibility as a powerful agent of positive change and progress in West Africa. As President Tinubu and other leaders weigh their options, they must be acutely aware of the transformative potential of diplomatic approaches that align with ECOWAS’ guiding principles.

 

Usman PhD, Research Fellow Asia Middle East Centre for Research and Dialogue (AMEC) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia