Douglas C. Engelbart: Makirkirin “beran Kwamfuta” ya rasu

Ranar Talata, 2 ga watan Yuli ne Mista Douglas C. Engelbart, wanda shi ne ya kirkiri fasahar “beran Kwamfuta,” ko Computer Mouse  ya rasu. Ya bar duniya yana da shekaru 88.  Duk da rashin shaharar sunansa a duniya, musamman a fagen ci gaban fasahar sadarwar zamani – na kwamfuta, da wayar salula, da abin da […]

Ranar Talata, 2 ga watan Yuli ne Mista Douglas C. Engelbart, wanda shi ne ya kirkiri fasahar “beran Kwamfuta,” ko Computer Mouse  ya rasu. Ya bar duniya yana da shekaru 88.  Duk da rashin shaharar sunansa a duniya, musamman a fagen ci gaban fasahar sadarwar zamani – na kwamfuta, da wayar salula, da abin da ya shafi hada alaka a tsakaninsu wajen sadarwa – Mista Douglas ya yi tasiri mai karfin gaske, a boye, wajen ci gaban kusan dukkan wata sabuwar hanyar sadarwar zamani a yau.  Amma ko kadan ba ka jin sunansa, sai an zo bayani kan asalin wanda ya kirkiri shahararriyar na’urar mu’amala da kwamfuta da a yanzu ake kira da suna Computer Mouse a harshen Turancin zamani, ko “beran Kwamfuta,” a Hausar kimiyyar sadarwar zamani.
Kafin kirkirar wannan na’ura ko fasaha ta “beran Kwamfuta,” Mista Douglas ya yi aiki da hukumar sojin ruwa na kasar Amurka, amma a bangaren harkar sadarwa. Shi ne wanda ke lura da babbar na’urar hangen abokan  gaba na jirgin ruwa, wato Electronic Radar, a lokacin Yakin Duniya na biyu.  Bayan yakin ya lafa ya yi ritaya, inda ya koma Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya na Jami’ar Standford, wato Standford Research Institute, a shekarar 1950.  A wannan cibiyar bincike ne ya fara aiki kan wannan na’urar beran Kwamfuta, lokacin da yake taimakawa wajen samar da tsarin mu’amala da kwamfuta mai sauki, wato Graphical User Interface.  Bayan kirkirar wannan na’ura ta beran Kwamfuta, sai ya nufi Hukumar don a yi masa rajistar Hakkin Mallakar wannan fasaha, wato Patent, a shekarar 1960.
Asalin na’urar farko da ya kirkira ta katako ce, mai dauke da wayar sadarwa daga bayanta (ba kamar yadda na yanzu suke dauke da waya ta gaba ba).  Wannan na’ura dai tana dauke ne da maballai guda biyu (wato Mouse Clicks), da kuma tayar gangarawa ko haurawa farkon shafi guda daya.  Wannan na’ura ta beran Kwamfuta ba ta shahara ba sosai, domin a lokacin kwamfutoci suna da matukar girman gaske – guda daya na iya kai girman daki guda – sannan ba kowa ke iya sarrafa su ko mu’amala da su ba, sai wane da wane. A lokacin nan kamfanin derod PARC ne kadai ya rika makala wa kwamfutocinsa.  Daga baya kuma sai kamfanin Apple shi ma ya biyo sahu, inda ya rika sanya wa kwamfutocinsa da ya kirkira mai suna LISA, a shekarar 1983.
Kamar yadda masu karatu suka sani yanzu, wannan na’ura dai ana kiranta da suna Computer Mouse ko “beran Kwamfuta” a harshen Hausa, sai dai kuma wannan dan taliki, ba shi ba ne ya sanya wa wannan fasaha wannan suna.  In kuwa haka ne, to wa ya sanya wa fasahar suna?  An yi masa tambaya makamancinyar wannan sadda yake raye, da kuma cewa ya aka yi wannan na’ura ke dauke da wayar sadarwa a gaba maimakon baya, kuma ga abin da ya ce: “Ba wanda zai iya tuna wanda ya sa wa wannan fasaha wannan suna. (Sannan), wadda muka fara kerawa a dakin bincike na dauke ne da wayar sadarwa ta baya.  Daga baya, cikin kankanen lokaci, muka gane cewa hakan da matsala, sai muka canja zuwa gaba.”  
Wannan ke nuna cewa guguwar ci gaban kimiyyar sadarwar kwamfuta ne ya rutsa da ita, inda har yawan mu’amala da kuma kamaiceceniya suka sa wani ya lakkana wa fasahar sunanta na yanzu.  Wannan ba wani abin mamaki ba ne, musamman ga duk wanda ya san tarihin ci gaban kere-kere a fannin kimiyyar sadarwar zamani.
A nasa bangaren, sadda yake jimamin rashin wannan dan taliki, shugaban kamfanin Apple, Mista Stebe Wozniak ya tabbatar da cewa tallafin da marigayi Douglas ya bayar a fannin ci gaban sadarwar zamani ya wuce abin da aka sani na samar da ko kirkirar fasahar beran kwamfuta.
Ya kara da cewa: “Ina matukar kaunarsa sosai.  Yana da hannu wajen ci gaban duk wani abin da ake takama da shi a yau kan ci gaban kwamfuta.  Ya dai fi shahara ne da fasahar beran Kwamfuta da ya kirkira, amma ya yi tasiri matuka wajen inganta tsarin mu’amala da kwamfuta, da kuma tsarin musayar bayanai tsakanin kwamfutoci (wato Networking).”
Bayan aiki da Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya na jami’ar Standford, Mista Douglas ya yi aiki da hukumar da ta samar da fasahar Intanet a karo na farko, wato ARPANET cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970.  Har wa yau yana cikin wadanda suka yi aiki tukuru wajen samar da tsarin aiwatar da taro ta hanyar sadarwar bidiyo na farko, wato bideo Teleconferencing, a shekarar 1968.  Dangane da haka Wozniak ya sake cewa: “Tallafinsa wajen inganta tsarin sadarwa a tsakanin kwamfutoci ma ya fi tallafin da ya bayar wajen samar da fasahar beran Kwamfuta.  Ya dade cikin tunani kan yadda a kullum za a iya warware matsaloli ta amfani da kwamfuta, tare da habaka fasahar ita kanta, shekaru aru-aru kafin masu irin wannan tunani a zamanin yau.”
Kafin rasuwarsa, Mista Douglas ya samu kyaututtuka da dama sanadiyyar tallafin da ya bayar wajen ci gaban fasahar sadarwar zamani.  Wasu daga cikin wadannan kyaututtuka sun hada da kyautar kwarewa a fasahar sadarwa ta kasa, wato: National Medal of Technology Award. Da kyautar hadin gwiwa ta Lemelson da jami’ar binciken kimiyya ta Massachussetes, wato Lemelson-MIT Award. Sai kuma kyautar marigayi Turing, wato Turing Award.
Duk da rashin shahararsa, tasirin Mista Douglas ga fannin kimiyyar sadarwar zamani ba zai taba boyuwa ba, kuma tarihin wannan ci gaba ba zai taba cika ba tare da ambatonsa ba, musamman wajen samar da wannan fasaha ta beran Kwamfuta da ta canza tsarin mu’amala da kayayyakin sadarwar zamani, musamman kwamfuta, wadda ya kira: “daya daga cikin abubuwan da nan gaba za su taimaka wajen mikawa da karbar bayanai.”

Wasu daga cikin sakonninku

Assalaamu alaikum Baban Sadik. Don Allah me ake nufi da TRANSLATOR, da COMPILER, da INTERPRETER, a fannin Tsarin Gina Manhajar Kwamfuta (Programming Language)?  Sannan kuma, mene ne bambanci tsakanin TRANSLATOR da INTERPRETER?  Wassalam: Uncle Bash, Jimeta-Yola: 07037133338
Wa alaikumus salam.  Farko dai, wadannan kalmomi ne masu nasaba ta kut-da-kut da fannin gina manhajar kwamfuta, wato Programming.  Akwai dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta (Programming Languages) sama da 100 a duniya, tsakanin na zamanin baya da na zamanin yanzu.  Kalmar TRANSLATOR dai wata manhaja ce ta musamman da ke aikin juya ginanniyar manhajar kwamfuta da aka rubuta da wani harshe (misali, nau’in C, ko C++, ko Jaba), zuwa wani harshe daban (kamar Python misali), don samar da asalin manhajar cikin wani harshe.  Kalmar COMPILER kuma manhaja ce da ke aikin sarrafa danyen bayanan da aka gina manhajar kwamfuta da su da ake kira Source Code, zuwa tsagwaron bayanan da kwamfuta ce kadai ke iya fahimtarsu, wato Machine Language.  Misali, asalin bayanan da aka gina mahnajar Microsoft Word da su, duk haruffa ne da lambobi, wadanda duk mai karatu zai iya karantawa idan ya gamsu.  To amma sai aka yi amfani da manhajar COMPILER don “kona” wadannan bayanai, zuwa harshen kwamfuta, don baiwa kwamfuta damar karbar wannan “konannen” bayanai idan mai kwamfutar ya zo loda mata.  Wannan konannen bayanan manhajar kwamfuta shi ake kira Edecutable File.  Idan ka je ka sayi manhajar kwamfuta a cikin DbD ko faifan CD, ko ka saukar daga Intanet, za ka ga jakunkunan bayanai ne masu dauke da wasu irin nau’ukan bayanan da ba a iya karanta su.  Amma da zarar ka matsa, ka fara loda wa kwamfuta, nan take za ta karbe su.  Dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta irin su: C, da C++, da JAbA, duk suna amfani ne da manhajar COMPILER kafin a dinke su.  Misali, ga wata danyen bayanan manhajar kwamfuta da ake son ta bayyana wasu lambobi, idan ba ta ci karo da su ba, ta bayyana wani abu daban: A = 30. If A = 30, print “Gaskiya ne” else: print “karya ne”. Da zarar ka mika wa kwamfuta wannan manhaja, ba za ta fahimce su ba ko kadan, sai ka yi amfani da manhajar COMPILER don juya su zuwa harshen kwamfuta, sannan ka mika mata ta karba.
INTERPRETER kuwa wata manhaja ce da ke iya sarrafa danyen bayanan manhajar kwamfuta, wato Source Code, zuwa hakikanin manhajar, kai tsaye, ba tare da sai an mayar da su zuwa konannen bayanan da kwamfuta ke iya fahimta kafin a loda mata ba.  Daga cikin dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta masu dauke da manhajar INTERPRETER akwai Perl, da Python, da kuma Ruby.  Misalin da na kawo a sama na harshen Python ne.  Idan ka mika wa masarrafar Python wannan misali, nan take za ta ba ka amsa, ba sai ta kona su zuwa wani harshe ba.  Nan take take karantawa, ta juya sakon zuwa manhajar da ake bukata.  Galibin gidajen yanar sadarwa na zamani kan yi amfani da wannan manhaja ta INTERPRETER a iyayen garkensu da ke dauke da shafukan yanarsu, don baiwa kwamfutar damar zartar da umarnin da mai ziyara ke bayarwa a shafin, ba tare da bata lokaci ba.  Sai dai amfanin wannan manhaja ta INTERPRETER takaitacce ne, domin ba ta iya jure juya danyen bayanan manhajar kwamfuta mai yawa, sai ‘yan kanana ko kadan.  Da manhajar COMPILER da INTERPRETER duk kusan aiki daya suke yi; bambancinsu shi ne, COMPILER ta fi amfani da juriya wajen aiwatar da ayyuka masu dimbin yawa, kuma manhajojin da aka kona su ta amfani da manhajar COMPILER suna iya mu’amala da dukkan sassan kwamfutar da aka loda mata su, amma na INTERPRETER ba su iya komai, sai dai su bayyana kansu kawai, tsagwaronsu.  Da zarar ka rufe su shi ke nan, sun koma danyensu.
Bambancinsu: TRANSLATOR aikinsa juya danyen bayanai daga wani harshe zuwa wani; shi kuma INTERPRETER aikinsa juya danyen manhaja zuwa hakikanin manhaja nan take, ba tare da konawa kafin loda wa kwamfuta ba.  Da fatan ka gamsu.