ka’idojin mu’amala da “Password” (11)

Rayuwar “Password” a Gidajen Yanar Sadarwa Bayan mai karatu ya fahimci yadda kwamfutoci ke adanawa tare da layance “Password” din da mai kwamfutar ke shigar musu, don ba shi damar shiga da aiwatar da abubuwan da yake bukata, a halin yanzu za mu jirga bangaren gidajen yanar sadarwa na Intanet, don fahimtar yadda su kuma […]

Rayuwar “Password” a Gidajen Yanar Sadarwa

Bayan mai karatu ya fahimci yadda kwamfutoci ke adanawa tare da layance “Password” din da mai kwamfutar ke shigar musu, don ba shi damar shiga da aiwatar da abubuwan da yake bukata, a halin yanzu za mu jirga bangaren gidajen yanar sadarwa na Intanet, don fahimtar yadda su kuma suke adana “Password” din da muke shigarwa idan mun tashi shiga shafukansu don aiwatar da abin da muke son aiwatarwa.  Abin da wannan zance ke nufi shi ne, shafinka na Dandalin Facebook, idan ka tashi shiga kana shigar da “Password” dinka bayan suna ko?  In eh, a ina masu shafin Facebook ke adana wannan “Password” din naka, ta yadda a duk lokacin da ka tashi shiga suke iya shaida ka ta hanyar abin da kake shigarwa?  Kana shiga akwatin Imel dinka ko?  In eh, idan ka shigar da suna (username) da kalmar sirrinka (password) a karon farko, a ina masu gidan yanar suke adana bayanan, ta yadda idan ka tashi shiga suke iya shaida ka da wanda ka shigar?  
Duk wani shafi da kake iya shigarsa ta hanyar bayar da suna (username) da kalmar sirri (password) a Intanet, to, akwai inda masu shafin ke adana bayanan, ko makwafinsa.  Sai dai hanyoyin adanawar da kuma kwafan bayanan ne suka sha bamban.  Ya danganci tsarin da kowane gidan yanar sadarwa ke amfani da shi.  Akwai hanyoyi guda biyar ko shida da masu shafukan yanar sadarwa ke amfani da su wajen adanawa tare da kwafan bayanan masu ziyarar gidajen yanar sadarwarsu ta hanyar suna (username) da kalmar sirri (password).  
Tsarin Tantance Masu Ziyara
Kafin mu kutsa cikin bayanai kan hanyoyin da masu shafukan Intanet ke amfani dasu wajen adana bayanan masu ziyara a shafukansu, zai dace mai karatu ya fahimci tsarin tantance masu ziyara a shafukan yanar sadarwa a Intanet.  Wannan tsari shi ne kashin bayan tsaron bayanan masu ziyara a Intanet.  Kuma dukkan gidajen yanar sadarwa masu mu’amala da masu ziyara kai tsaye ta hanyar adireshin Imel, dole su tanadi hanyar tantance wadanda ke shiga shafukansu.  Wannan tsari shi ake kira: “User Authentication.”
Da zarar ka je shafin Dandalin Facebook ko Gmail ko Yahoomail ko Hotmail don kokarin isa ga shafi ko akwatin Imel dinka, za a tarbeka da shafin shigar da suna da kalmar izinin shiga ne, wato: “User Login Page.”  Idan ka shigar da sunanka (username), sai ka gangara kasa ka shigar da kalmar izinin shigarka (password), sannan ka matsa alamar “Ok” ko “Login” ko “Enter” (ya danganci tsarin shafin yanar da kamfanin).  Da zarar ka yi haka, ka gama naka aikin kenan.  Nan take shafin zai aika wadannan bayanai da ka shigar.  Amfanin yin hakan kuwa shi ne don a tabbatar kai din ne dai, ba wani ba ne yake kokarin isa ga shafinka ta amfani da bayananka.  Tunda ba wai gaba-da-gaba kake da masu adana shafin ba balle su ce: “eh, lallai kai ne mai wannan shafin, ba sai ka shigar da bayanan ba.”  Haka wannan tsari yake a bankunan da muke ajiyar kudi da su, ko ma a ce nasu tsarin ya fi wannan tsauri.  Domin ko da kanka ka je sai an duba cikin kwamfuta an tabbatar hoton da ka bayar, da sa hannunka (Signature) sun dace da abin da ka bayar a sadda kake bude taskar ajiyar.  Sai an tabbatar da wannan sannan a mika maka adadin kudaden da ka bukata.
A yayin da kake jiran shafinka ya budo ko akwatin Imel dinka ya budo bayan ka shigar da wadannan bayanai, a nata bangaren, manhajar da ta karbi wadancan bayanai tana can tana ta kokarin tabbatar da dacewarsu da bayanan da ka bayar yayin bude shafi ko akwatin Imel din ne. Da zarar ta gama tabbatar da dacewarsu, sai kawai ka ga shafinka ya budo, dauke da sakonninka.  Amma idan aka samu kuskure wanda ya haddasa rashin dacewa tsakanin bayanan biyu, sai a ce maka: “Wrong Username or Password,” ko kuma “The Password you supply did not match the username.”  Ma’ana, kalmar sirrin da ka shigar bai dace da sunan da kake kokarin isa gare shi ba.  Nan gaba za mu yi bayani kan hanyoyin da ake bi a warware matsalar rashin dacewar suna da kalmar izinin shiga a Facebook da shafukan Imel gaba dayansu.
Wannan shi ne tsarin tantancewa, wanda gidajen yanar sadarwa na Intanet ke amfani da nau’ukan dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta (Computer Programming Languages) daban-daban wajen aiwatar da shi.  Wasu kan yi amfani da manhaja ko tsarin da aka gina da “Python,” wasu kuma wanda aka gina da “Jaba,” wasu wanda aka gina da “Perl,”  wasu kuma wanda aka gina da “PHP” ko kuma hadakar ukun in ka cire nau’in “Jaba.”
Manhajojin Adana “Password”
Tsarin tantance masu kokarin shiga shafuka tsararru a Intanet (Secured Pages) ya ta’allaka ne kacokan da bayanan dake makare a rumbunan adana bayanai (Database System) da wadannan gidajen yanar sadarwa ke amfani da su wajen alkinta bayanan masu ziyara a shafukansu.  Kowane gidan yanar sadarwa yana da bangarori guda biyu ne mahimmai.  bangaren farko shi ne “Idon gari,” wato shafin da masu ziyara ke iya gani kuma suke mu’amala da shi kai tsaye.  Wannan bangare ya shafi babban shafin gidan yanar sadarwar, wato: “Homepage” da duk wani shafi da za ka iya shiga kai tsaye ba tare da matsala ba a gidan yanar sadarwa, don karanta sakonni ne ko labaru ko kasidu ko makaloli, duk matsayinsu daya.  A harshen turancin sadarwa na zamani ana kiran wannan bangare da suna: “Front End.”
bangare na biyu kuma shi ne bangaren da masu ziyara ba su iya isa gare shi ta kowanne yanayi (musamman idan ba kwararru ba ne su a fasannin adana bayanai).  Wannan bangare ya kasu kashi biyu.  Kashi na farko shi ne wanda ba a iya shiga sai bayan an tantance mai kokarin shiga.  Wannan ya hada da shafukan masu shafi a Dandalin Facebook, da akwatin Imel mai dauke da sakonni, da duk wani bayani da ka mallaka a wani shafi amma ba ka iya isa gare shi sai an tantance ka.  Kashi na biyu shi ne bangaren da babu mai iya isa gare shi sai masu gidan yanar ko kamfanin da ke dauke da bayanan gidan yanar a kwamfutarsa.  Wannan bangare shi ake kira “Back End.”  Kuma shi ne mai dauke da ainihin manhaja ko masarrafar dake dauke da bayanan gidan yanar gaba daya.
Kamfanonin gidajen yanar sadarwa sun sha bamban wajen tsarin adana bayanan masu ziyarar shafukansu ko abokan huldarsu.  Ma’ana, ba wai manhaja iri daya suke amfani da ita ba gaba dayansu.  Dalili kuwa shi ne, kowane kamfani yana adana bayanai ne iya gwargwadon karfinsa, da mahangarsa wajen kasuwanci ko bude shafin, da karfin hakkin masu ziyarar shafinsa a kansa, da kuma iya girman himmansa wajen kokarin kiyaye amana ta kasuwanci da mutuncin abokan huldarsa.  Amma ko ma da wace irin manhaja yake taskance bayanansa, dole manhajar na dauke ne da fuska biyu, kamar yadda shafinsa na Intanet ke dauke da fuska biyu, wanda bayaninsu ya gabata.
Manhajojin taskance bayanai ko Rumbunan adana bayanai suna nan da yawa.  Akwai kanana, irin su: “Microsoft Office Access,” da “Peachtree,” da dai sauransu.  Sannan akwai matsakaita irin su: “SAP Sybase Ik,” da “Teradata.”  Sannan akwai manya irin su: “Oracle Database,” da “Microsoft SkL Serber” na kamfanin Microsoft, da “MySkL,” wanda kyauta ake bayar ita ga mai bukata.  Manyan su ake kira: “Enterprise Resourse Planning” (ERP), domin suna dauke da tsarin taskance bayanai da ya shafi dukkan fannonin ayyukan kasuwanci na zamani a duniyar yau.  
Wadannan manhajoji, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama, suna da fuska biyu ne.  Akwai bangaren mu’amala da su, wato: “User Interface” ko “Front End.”  Wannan banagare ne masu shigar da bayanai ke amfani da su kai tsaye wajen loda wa manhajar bayanan da ake bukata, ta amfani da fam (wato: “User Forms” ko “Input Forms”).  Wannan idan ana amfani da su kai tsaye kenan, ba wai a gidan yanar sadarwa ba.  
 Dayan bangaren kuma shi ne asalin rumbun dake dauke da bayanan baki daya, mahallin da dukkan abin da ake shigarwa na sunaye da kalmomi da haruffa da lamobobi ke zuwa, don a taskance su.  Wannan bangare yana dauke ne da wofintattun jadawali (Empty Tables). Da zarar an fara shigar da bayanai sai su rika zuwa suna zama a cikin jadawalin.  Wannan bangare shi ake kira: “Back End” kamar yadda na ambata a baya.  Idan ka shiga gidan yanar sadarwa ka ga an umarceka da shigar da suna da kalmar sirri a wasu wurare, da zarar ka shigar, suna zarcewa ne kai tsaye zuwa cikin wannan rumbu da bayaninsa ya gabata.  
A tsakanin bangarorin kowace manhajar rumbun adana bayanai, akwai “dan aike” da ake kira: “Database Connector,” wanda ke hada alaka tsakanin bangarorin guda biyu. Shi ne kamar titi da wadannan bayanai da ake shigarwa suke bi, don samun isa ga wannan mahalli mai dauke da jadawali. Wannan titi yana da matukar mahimmanci, domin da zarar an rasa shi, ba za a samu alaka tsakanin bangarorin biyu ba.  Domin shi ne yake karbar bayanai ya kuma zuba su a can.  Tsarin da ke motsar da shi kuwa shi ake kira: “Database Instance.”  Sai an samu wannan tsari sannan titin ke iya aiwatar da aikinsa.  Shi ne kuma yake zuba bayanan a irin yanayi ko siffa ko dabi’ar da ake so su kasance a ciki, da zarar sun shiga cikin wannan jadawali da ke cikin rumbun adana bayanai.
Ya zuwa yanzu, na tabbata mai karatu ya fahimci tsarin tantance masu shigar da bayanai a rumbun adana bayanan gidajen yanar sadarwa, da bangarorin da kowane gidan yanar sadarwa ya kasu, tare da bayani kan irin nau’uka da bangarorin da manhajojin rumbun adana bayanai suka karkasu.  Abin da ya rage shi ne yadda wadannan rumbunan adana bayanai suke adana “Password” dinmu da zarar mun shigar.  
A makon da ya gabata na yi alkawarin kawo hanyoyin da masu gidajen yanar sadarwa (irin su Facebook da Google da Yahoo da sauransu) ke bi wajen taskance “Password” din da muke shigarwa, musamman.  To amma saboda ganin cewa, sadda muke shigar da “Password” dinmu akwai abubuwa da dama da ke faruwa, cikin tsare-tsare masu ban mamaki, tare da wani mahalli na musamman da “Password” din ke shiga bayan mun bayar, na ga dacewar yin amfani da wannan mako don fadakar da mu kan haka.  Amma a makon gobe in Allah Ya so, wadannan hanyoyi za su zo wa mai karatu dalla-dalla.  
A ci gaba da kasancewa tare damu.