Motoci masu amfani da makamashin lantarki (2)

A yau ga mu dauke da ci gaban fassarar kasidar Stebe Dent kan motoci masu amfani da makamashin lantarki. Mako mai zuwa za mu karkare in Allah ya yarda. Tsarin tuki da giyan motoci masu makamashin lantarki ya fi sauki matuka. Domin tsarin da ke lura da giyansu mai sauki ne, ba su bukatar ruwan […]

A yau ga mu dauke da ci gaban fassarar kasidar Stebe Dent kan motoci masu amfani da makamashin lantarki. Mako mai zuwa za mu karkare in Allah ya yarda.

Tsarin tuki da giyan motoci masu makamashin lantarki ya fi sauki matuka. Domin tsarin da ke lura da giyansu mai sauki ne, ba su bukatar ruwan sanyaya inji da sauran karikitai. Har wa yau sun fi inganci wajen rike makamashi. Suna amfani da kashi 90 na makamashin da ke batirinsu ne, sabanin motoci masu makamashin gas dake amfani da kashi 30-35 kadai na makamashinsu. Ta bangaren farashi da saukin kira ma, masu makamashin lantarki sun fi rahusa; abin da ake kashewa wajen kera su ko rabin na masu makamashin gas bai yi ba. Illa dai matsalarsu daya ce: batirinsu na da dan karen tsada, sannan karrfin makamashin da suke taskancewa bai shige kashi 5 cikin 100 ba wajen nauyi, idan aka gwama shi da na masu makamashin fetur.
Ga motoci masu amfani da lantarki, nau’in batir din da yafi kowanne inganci da karko shi ne mai d auke da sinadarin Lithium-ion (irin wanda kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka, wato laptop ke amfani da shi), mai dauke da daskararren makamashi mai tsafta; sai dai tsada ne da shi, sannan kamar auduga yake wajen saurin kamawa da wuta. Misali, farashin batirin da mota nau’in S na kamfanin Tesla ke amfani dashi ya kai dalar Amurka 15,000 ($15,000). Alhali farashin motar gaba daya ma bai shige dalar Amurka 70,000 ($70,000). Ka ga kashi daya bisa biyar na farashinta kenan. Duk da cewa a halin yanzu kamfanin Tesla ya kuduri aniyar saukar da farashin batirin zuwa dalar Amurka 8,000 ($8,000) da zarar ya gama gina katafaren masana’antarsa. Akwai hasashen cewa nan gaba fasahar samar da ingantattun batira masu rahusa na gab da bayyana, duk da cewa bai kai matsayin da za a sayar dashi ba.

SU WAYE GWANAYE A FANNIN?
Kamfanin da ya fara fitowa fagen kera motoci masu amfani da hadakar makamashin lantarki da gas shi ne Toyota, sadda ya kera nau’in Toyota Prius a kasar Japan cikin shekarar 1997. Wannan mota ta yi kasuwa matuka a kasar Japan, inda kamfanin ya sayar da guda 18,000 a shekarar farko, sama da adadin da yake hasashe. A kasar Amurka ma kamfanonin kera motoci sun kaddamar da nau’ukan motoci masu makamashin lantarki zalla tsakanin shekarar 1997 da 1999, amma ba su yi kasuwa ba sosai. Nan take kamfanonin suka daina kera su. Kamfanin kera mota na farko da ya kaddamar da nau’in mota mai hadakar makamashin lantarki da gas shi ne Honda, a shekarar 1999. Nau’in motar da ya kera ita ce Honda Insight, inda ya sake kaddamar da nau’in Honda Prius a shekarar 2000.
Kamfanin Honda ya samu kasuwa matuka, inda ya sayar nau’in Honda Prius sama da miliyan biyu a shekarar 2009. Daga nan kuma galibin kamfanonin kera motoci suka shiga kera masu hadakar makamashin lantarki da gas bila-adadin. Kamfanonin sun hada da Ford, da Cheby, da bolkswagen da kuma Porsche.
Nau’in mota mai makamashin lantarki da ta fara amfani da batirin nau’in Lithium-ion ita ce wadda hamshakin mai kudin nan, mai kamfanin PayPal, wato Musk ya saya a shekarar 2008. Kamfanin Tesla ne ya kera motar. Duk da cewa ba shi ya kera casis din motar ba, amma sauran kamfanonin kera motoci irin su Cheby sun tabbatar da cewa, samar mota da Tesla ya yi ne ya zaburar da su wajen shiga sahun masu kera motoci masu makamashin lantarki zalla. Don haka a shekarar 2010 aka samu nau’in Cheby bolt mai hadakar makamashin lantarki da gas, wanda kamfanin Cheby ya kera, da kuma Nissan Leaf mai makamashin lantarki zalla, wanda kamfanin Nissan ya kera. A shekarar 2011 kuma sai ga nau’in C30 Electric na kamfanin bolbo, da Focus Electric na kamfanin Ford, da ActibeE na kamfanin BMW, da RAb4 Eb na kamfanin Toyota da dai sauransu. Shi kanshi kamfanin Tesla ya sake kera nau’in Model S a shekarar 2012, wadda a karshe duk aka amince cewa ita ce mafi shahara daga cikin wadanda suka gabace ta.

YAYA SUKE AIKI?
Dukkan nau’ukan motoci masu amfani da makamashin lantarki zalla da masu hadakan lantarki da gas suna amfani da tsarin samar da makamashi ne ta hanyar birki, wato Regeneratibe Braking, don samar da karfin birki da taskance shi a jikin batirinsu. Duk da cewa akwai wasu nau’uka da aka kera yanzu da suka sha bamban. Wadanda suka sha bamban da wadancan, kamar nau’in Cibic da Insight na kamfanin Honda, suna amfani da makamashin gas ne ta hanyar na’urar sarrafa tafiyar mota, tare da injin, don sarrafa giyanta. Ire-iren wadannan nau’uka sun fi karko a babban titi wajen doguwar tafiya, amma ba su da kuzari wajen zirga-zirgan cikin gari.
Daga cikin misalan nau’ukan da ke amfani da makamashin gas da na lantarki akwai Cheby bolt. Tsarin karfin dake tunkuda ta don yin tafiya yana amfani ne da makamashin lantarki zalla, amma bangaren makamashin gas din ke lura da cajin batirin da ke sarrafa dayan bangaren. Wannan nau’in mota ba ta da kuzari da juriya wajen doguwar tafiya, saboda saurin gushewar makamashi da tsawon lokacin da take dauka kafin batirinta ya gama caji. Ta fi dadin sha’ani wajen zirga-zirgan cikin gari. A daya bangaren kuma, nau’uka irin su Toyota Prius na amfani da wani tsari ne na musamman da ke ba su kuzari wajen doguwar tafiya da kuma zirga-zirgan cikin gari. Sai dai ita kuma babbar matsalarta shi ne tana da dan karen tsada, saboda wasu bangarorinta na musamman da take zuwa da su.
Nau’ukan Cheby bolt da Toyota Prius masu amfani da hadakar makamashin lantarki da gas suna da kafar caji (Charging Port) a jikinsu, tare da batir mai isasshen makamashi kwatankwacin wanda zai iya sarrafa mota mai makamashin lantarki zalla idan ta tashi doguwar tafiya. Misali, nau’in Toyota Prius na iya tafiyar mil 11 idan aka mata cajin batir na tsawon sa’o’i uku, a yayin da nau’in Cheby bolt ke iya tafiyar tazarar mil 38 idan aka mata cajin sa’o’i 10 zuwa 16.

SU KUMA MASU NAU’IN LANTARKI ZALLA FA?
Masu makamashin lantarki zalla sun fi saukin lamari, sai dai kuma tsarin dake tafiyar da motsawarsu, da kuma hanyoyin cajinsu sun sha bamban nesa da wadanda suke hadaka ne. Nau’in Tesla Model S na dauke da injinta a baya ne, kuma da kafafunta na baya take motsawa, sannan na’urar dake taskance makamashinta na lantarki guda daya ne rak. Ita kuma nau’in Nissan Leaf injinta a gaba yake, kuma tayoyinta na gaba ne ke motsawa, sannan na’urar makamashin lantarkinta na motsawa ne daidai da motsawar shaft dinta. A daya bangaren kuma, nau’in SLS AMG Electric Dribe da kamfanin Mercedes Benz ya kera, tana dauke ne da na’urar taskance lantarki guda 4; kowane kusurwar taya na da daya, kuma karfin horsepower 740 ne da ita. Dankari!
Galibin masu amfani da makamashin lantarki kan samu cikakken caji idan suka kwana ana cajinsu daga kafar caji, ko kuma su caji na mizanin bolt 240 a rabin kwana. Ita nau’in Tesla S tana dauke da karin na’urar taskance caji ne, shi ya sa take iya tafiyar tazarar mil 58 a duk cajin sa’a guda. Kamfanin Tesla ya samar da wata na’urar caji mai karfin gaske, wadda ke iya caja mota zuwa rabi cikin mintina 20, a fadin cibiyoyin caji 103 dake warwatse a kasar Amurka.