Tsari da yadda na’urar “Black Box” ke aiki a jiragen sama (1)

Mabudin Kunnuwa Watanni tara da ‘yan kwanaki bayan bacewar jirgin fasinjan Malesiya mai suna: “Airline MH370,” wanda ya yi bacewar dabo bayan tashinsa daga kasar, sai kwatsam aka samu labarin bacewar wani jirgin fasinja nakkasar Indonisiya mai suna: “Airline kZ8501,” na kamfanin AirAsia, a farkon wannan mako da muke ciki.  Jirgin dai ya tashi ne […]

Mabudin Kunnuwa

Watanni tara da ‘yan kwanaki bayan bacewar jirgin fasinjan Malesiya mai suna: “Airline MH370,” wanda ya yi bacewar dabo bayan tashinsa daga kasar, sai kwatsam aka samu labarin bacewar wani jirgin fasinja nakkasar Indonisiya mai suna: “Airline kZ8501,” na kamfanin AirAsia, a farkon wannan mako da muke ciki.  Jirgin dai ya tashi ne ranar Lahadi, 28 ga watan Disamba 2014, daga  Indonisiya inda ya doshi kasar Singafo, dauke da fasinjoji 162, har da matuka da masu yi wa fasinja hidima (Flight Crew).  Kafin bacewarsa daga na’urar lura da jirage na filin saukar jirgin sama a birnin Surabaya da ke kasar, matukin jirgin ya nemi cibiyar da ke lura da tafiyarsa a kasa cewa su ba shi dama ya kara haurawa sama, saboda akwai hazo mai kaurin gaske a titin da yake bi.  
Kafin ya samu amsa daga gare su, nan take sai aka daina ganinsa gaba daya daga sararin samaniya.  Daga baya jami’an da ke lura da tafiyarsa sun nuna cewa an samu jinkirin bashi damar kara haurawa sama ne saboda akwai jirage wajen guda shida na fasinja da suke saman hazon da yake kokarin haurawa samansa don samun sarari.  To amma kafin a ba shi umarni kuma sai aka daina ganinsa  gaba daya daga na’urar da ke lura da tafiyarsa.  Allah Buwayi gagara misali!
Har zuwa wannan lokaci da nake rubutu ba a gano ko buraguzan jirgin ba, balle a san a wane hali fasinjan suke ciki.  Da yawa cikin mutane suna ta tambayar meye dalilin da ya sa har yanzu ba a iya gane halin da jirgin yake ciki, alhali yana dauke da na’urar “Black Bod?”  Shin, inji masu wannan tambaya, ba an ce wannan na’ura ita ce layar jirgi ba?
A wannan mako mun gudanar da bincike ne kan wannan na’ura mai suna: “Black Bod”; za mu ji tarihi da asalin wannan na’ura, da bangarorinta, da yadda take aiki, sannan a karshe mu ji, wai shin, me ya sa ake kiran wannan na’ura da suna: “Black Bod?”  Don launin na’urar ne, ko kuma akwai wani dalili ne da ya sa ake mata lakabi da wannan suna?  Kuma a ina take like a jikin jirgi? Me ya sa da zarar jirgi ya fadi a wuri, har aka gano inda ya fadi, bayan kokarin ceto rayuwar fasinjan da ke cikinsa, abu na biyu da ake hankoron yi shi ne neman inda na’urar “Black Bod” take?  Wani mahimmanci ne wannan na’ura take dauke da shi da a kullum aka samu matsala dole sai an nemo ta?
“Black Bod,” Me Ye Sunanki?
Sunan da ya shahara a bakunan mutane a dukkan nahiyoyin duniya na wannan na’ura dai shi ne: “Black Bod,” amma a ilimance ba sunanta ba kenan.  To amma da farko ma dai tukun, mece ce na’urar “Black Bod?”  Black Bod dai wata na’urar lantarki ce da ake kafewa a cikin jirgin sama, wacce ke taskance bayanai (na murya, da sauti, da kara, da siginar rediyo) da ke cikin jirgin, don sawwake binciken dalilan hadari da abubuwan da ke faruwa da jirage idan bukata ta taso.
Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a ma’anar wannan na’ura, manyan ayyukanta dai su ne taskance bayanai da duk wani umarni da ake aikewa ga na’urorin da ke cikin jirgin; lokacin tashi, da lokacin tafiya a sararin samaniya, da kuma lokacin sauka.  Sai kuma taskance duk wani sako na murya tsakanin matukin jirgin da jami’an dake lura da tashi da saukarsa daga wannan filin saukan jirage zuwa wancan, da kuma taskance sautin inji ko nau’rorin dake cikin jirgin, ko duk wata kara ko fashewa da ke iya kasancewa a cikin jirgin a yayin da jirgin yake tafiya (yayin tashi ne ko yayin tafiya a sararin samaniya ko lokacin sauka).
 Sabanin shahararren sunan da aka saba kiran wannan na’ura da shi, wato: “Black Bod,” sunan wannan na’ura dai shi ne: “Flight Recorder” (FR) ko “Flight Data Recorder” (FDR), ko “Accident Data Recorder” (ADR).  Kowanne daga cikin wadannan sunaye ana ambaton na’urar da shi. A wasu kasashe akan kira ta da “Flight Recorder,” kamar Amurka misali.  A wasu kasashe a kira ta da “Flight Data Recorder,” kamar Ingila ko Burtaniya da Ostiraliya, misali.  
Wannan na’ura dai nau’i biyu ce.  Akwai wacce ke aikin taskance sauti da kara da siginar rediyo da ke kai-komo a cikin jirgi, yayin tafiyarsa.  Wannan na’ura ita ce ake kira: “Flight Data Recorder” (FDR), kai tsaye, a zamanin baya.  Sai nau’i na biyu wadda ke aikin taskance muryar matukin jirgi, da irin tattaunawa da yake yi da wadanda ke ba shi umarni wajen tashi ko sauka ko halin tafiyarsa a sama, misali.  Ita kuma ana kiranta da suna: “Cockpit boice Recorder” (CbR), ko “Cockpit Sound Recorder” (CSR).  A farkon lamari kowanne daga cikinsu daban yake; ma’ana kowane jirgi ana lika masa wadannan nau’ukan na’urori ne guda biyu; na farkon a can karshen wutsiyar jirgin, na biyun kuma a dakin matukin jirgin, wato “Cockpit.”  Amma a halin yanzu an hade wadannan na’urori guda biyu zuwa na’ura kwaya daya, mai aiwatar da dukkan ayyukan da bayanansu zai zo nan gaba.
Ba wai jiragen sama kadai ba, a halin yanzu akwai ire-iren wadannan na’urori (duk da cewa ayyukansu da tsarinsu sun sha bamban da na “Black Bod”) da ake likawa a jikin motoci (musamman manyan motoci) da jiragen kasa.  Wadanda ake likawa a jikin motoci su ake kira: “Ebent Data Recorder” (EDR), wadanda ake likawa a jikin jiragen kasa kuma ana kiransu: “Train Ebent Recorder” (TER).  Duk da cewa tsarinsu da kintsinsu sun sha bamban, babbar manufar samar da su dai daya ce; taskance bayanai don samun damar tantance hakikanin abin da ya haddasa hadari ko wata matsala da ababen hawa suke samu.
Duk da cewa mai karatu zai so jin yadda wadannan na’urori suke aiki, da yadda ake tace bayanan da suka taskance kafin faruwar matsala ko hadari, sai dai zai dace ya san yadda aka yi wadannan na’urori suka samo asali tukuna. Domin wannan ne zai sawwake masa fahimtar tsarin aikinsu, da ma dalilin da ya sa ake kiran wannan na’ura da: “Black Bod” maimakon “Flight Data Recorder,” misali.
Tarihin Asalin Na’urar “Black Bod”
Kamar sauran na’urorin sadarwa na zamanin yau ne, babu wani mutum daya tilo wanda za a jingina masa mallakar wannan na’ura ta “Black Bod” a matsayin wanda ya samar da ita.  Domin abin da tarihi ya hakaito mana shi ne, wannan na’ura ta samo asali ne daga kasashe 5; Faransa, da Burtaniya, da Ostraliya, da Finland, sai Amurka.  Wani abin mamaki shi ne, kusan a lokaci daya abin ya yi ta kasancewa.  Wannan na aikinsa a kasarsa, wancan na aikinsa a kasarsa; ba tare da sanin abin daddan uwansa ke yi ba.  Za mu dauki tarihin ta la’akari da kasashe ne, maimakon la’akari da shekarar samarwa.

kasar Faransa
Wani abu mai kama da na’urar “Black Bod” ya fara samo asali ne daga Faransa, cikin shekarar 1939.  Francoise Hussenot da Paul Beaudouin injiniyoyi ne da ke aiki a Cibiyar Gwajin Jirgin Sama da ke garin Marignane a Faransa.  Cikin wannan shekara suka samar da wata na’ura mai suna: “Type HB”, wanda na’ura ce da ke amfani da siginar auna gudu da nisan jirgi a sama (Speed and Altitude), don daukar hotunan abin da ke faruwa da jirgin.  Wannan na’ura dai kamar kemarar daukar hoto take (Still Image Camera).
Zuwa shekarar 1941 aka kera wannan na’ura mai suna “Type HB” guda 25.  Daga nan aka ci gaba da amfani da su a jiragen gwaji a cibiyar Gwajin Jiragen Sama na  Faransa, inda suke aiki kenan.  Zuwa shekarar 1947, wato shekaryu shida bayan kera su kenan, sai wadannan injiniyoyi suka samar da wata kungiya mai suna: “Societe Francaise des Intruments de Mesure,” ta hadin gwiwa da wani abokin aikinsu.  Suka zama su uku kenan.  Babbar manufar samar da wannan kungiya ko kamfani kuwa ita ce, don tallata wannan sabuwar hajjata su, zuwa ga masu bukata.  Daga nan suka kayatar da na’urar, suka canza mata suna zuwa: “HUSSENOGRAPH” daga “Type HB.”

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