Tsarin babban manhajar kwamfuta (6)

Samar da Tsarin Lura da Manhajoji Wannan shi ne babban aikin kowace Babbar manhajar kwamfuta ta zamani.  Shi ne aiki na hudu muhimmi, wanda dole ne kowace Babbar manhajar kwamfuta ta sifatu da shi, tare da aiwatar da shi cikin sauki, babu matsala.Wannan aiki na “Samar da tsarin lura da manhajoji” abu ne mai mahimmanci […]

Samar da Tsarin Lura da Manhajoji

Wannan shi ne babban aikin kowace Babbar manhajar kwamfuta ta zamani.  Shi ne aiki na hudu muhimmi, wanda dole ne kowace Babbar manhajar kwamfuta ta sifatu da shi, tare da aiwatar da shi cikin sauki, babu matsala.Wannan aiki na “Samar da tsarin lura da manhajoji” abu ne mai mahimmanci musamman wajen samar da kyakkyawar tsarin rayuwar kwamfutar gaba daya, ciki har da kyautata tsarin mu’amala tsakanin kwamfuta da mai kwamfutar, a duk sadda ya tashi sarrafa ta.  Kuma kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a baya, bayan an loda wa kwamfuta babbar manhajarta, wato “Operating System,” duk wata manhaja ko masarrafa (Application) da aka zo loda mata daga baya, to, aikin Babbar manhaja ne ta karbi wannan manhaja, ta samar mata da wurin zama, sannan ta shigar da bayanan wannan bakuwar manhaja ko masarrafa cikin rumbun adireshin manhajojin da ke kwamfutar baki daya.  Wannan zai sa a duk sadda mai mu’amala da kwamfuta ya tashi amfani da wannan masarrafa ko manhaja, da zarar ya kira ta, kwamfuta za dauko masa nan take.
Kamar yadda nace da farko, aikin samar da tsarin lura da manhajoji daya ne daga cikin mahimman ayyukan babbar manhaja.  Kuma takan yi hakan ne ta hanyoyi guda biyu shahararru.  Hanyar farko ita ce ta hanyar samar wa kowace manhaja mahallin gudanuwa, a duk sadda mai mu’amala da kwamfuta ya bukaci amfani da wata manhaja ta musamman daga cikin jerin manhajojin da ke kwamfutar.  Hanya ta biyu kuma ita ce ta hanyar aiwatar da sadarwa tsakanin ita babbar manhajar da sauran manhajoji ta hanyar tsarin fahimtar dacewar manhaja da mahallin babbar manhajar.  Wannan tsarin fahimtar dacewar manhaja da babbar manhaja shi ake kira “Application Programming Interface,” ko “API” a gajarce.  Ga bayanin kowanne a fayyace.
Samar da Mahallin Gudanuwar Manhaja
Bayan kwamfuta, ta hadin gwiwa da babbar manhaja ta bayar da damar loda (Installling) wata manhaja a samar babbar manhajar da ke kwamfutar, don baiwa mai kwamfutar damar gudanar da ayyukansa cikin sauki, har wa a yau, a duk sadda mai kwamfutar ya kira wannan manhaja da ya loda don gudanar da wani aiki na musamman da ita, aikin Babbar manhaja ne ta samar wa wannan bakuwar masarrafa wani mahalli na musamman da za a zaunar da ita don yin aikinta, kafin a karshe a koma da ita inda bayananta ke ajiya.
Mahallin da babbar manhaja ke amfani da shi don samar wa kowace manhaja mahallin gudanar da ayyukanta kuwa ita ce “Ma’adanar wucin gadi,” wato “Random Access Memory” ko “RAM” a gajarce.  Wannan ma’adana ce da ake makala wa kwamfuta a kundunta, kuma yana zuwa ne mizani-mizani.  Ma’adanar RAM na da muhimmanci a rayuwar kwamfuta gaba daya, kuma shi ne babban ginshikin Babbar manhajar kwamfuta, wajen taimaka mata aiwatar da ayyukanta.  Sannan kuma mahalli ne mai zaman kansa, mai tallafa wa babbar ma’adanar kwamfuta (Hard Disk Dribe) wajen daukar nauyin inda za a ajiye masarrafai ko manhajoji don yin aiki da su a yayin da aka dauko su daga inda suke ajiye a babbar ma’adanar.
Da zarar ka kunna kwamfuta ko ba ka fara aiki da ita ba, akwai kananan masarrafai masu taimaka wa babbar manhaja lura da abubuwan da ke gudanuwa a kwamfutar gaba dayanta.  Ire-iren wadannan masarrafai ba kowa ke iya ganinsu ba, don ba a fili suke ba.  Sai in kwararre ne kai ko kuma an gaya maka yadda za ka yi ka gansu.  Akwai wadanda suka kebanci babbar manhaja ne zalla, a tare da ita suke, kuma su ne masu lura da sauran manhajojin da ke kwamfutar gaba daya, da yadda suke aiki, da yawan mizanin da suke dauka daga Babbar ma’adana ko ma’adanar wucin-gadi (RAM).  Daga cikinsu akwai Process, da kuma Serbices.  Wadannan jami’ai ne na Babbar manhaja, kuma suna da amfani ga wanda ya sansu.  
Sai nau’in manhajoji na biyu wadanda suka kebance mai amfani da kwamfutar, wato User Applications.  Wadannan gungun masarrafai Babbar manhajar kwamfuta na farkar da su ne da zarar an kunna kwamfutar, saboda bukatarsu da ake yi wajen mu’amala.  Wadannan su ake kira Start-up Programs.  Galibinsu ana farkar da su ne don samun mu’amala da manhajar da ke dauke da su a duk sadda aka kira su.  Idan mai karatu na son ganin ire-iren wadannan masarrafai, ya dora manunin beran kwamfutarsa (Mouse Pointer) a kan layin da ke kasa a shafin kwamfutartsa, wato Taskbar, sai ya matsa bangaren dama na beran kwamfutartsa (Right click), sai ya zabi Task Manager; nan take zai budo.  
Shi Task Manager shi ne mai lura da dukkan manhajojin da ke farke a kwamfuta baki daya. Duk wani abin da ya shafi rayuwar wadannan manhajoji da babbar manhaja ke farkar da su a sadda aka kunna ta, daga bayanin lokacin da aka farkar da su (start-up time), zuwa lokacin da aka kashe su (stop time), da mizanin da suke dauka a ma’adanar wucin-gadi (RAM Storage), da mizanin mahallin da suke dauka a babbar ma’adanar kwamfutar gaba daya da sauran bayanai.
A daya bangaren kuma, yadda babbar manhajar kwamfuta ke amfani da wannan ma’adana ta wucin-gari mai suna RAM wajen lura da kuma alkinta manhajar mai kwamfuta shi ne:  a duk sadda ka kunna kwamfuta, ka kuma kira wata manhaja don ka yi amfani da ita (misali manhaja tsarawa da taskance bayanai irin su Microsoft Office Word, ko Edcel) nan take babbar manhajar kwamfuta za ta dauko maka wannan manhaja da ka kira daga ma’adanar kwamfuta.  Idan ta kira ta, sai ta ajiye manhajar a wannan ma’adana ta wucin-gadi mai suna RAM.  A wannan wuri manhajar za ta kasance kana amfani da ita har sai ka gama aikinka.  Da zarar ka rufe manhajar, sai a janye ta daga mahallin wannan ma’adana ta wucin-gadi, don kwamfutar ta samu karin sarari da numfasawa.
A lokacin da kake aiki da wannan manhaja kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a sama, tana ajiye ne a ma’adanar wucin-gadi, wato RAM.  Ba ita kadai ba, duk wata manhaja idan ka sake kira, a nan za a yanka mata mizani.  Iya yadda mizanin ya kuntata saboda yawaitan budaddun manhajojin da ka kira (Opened Applications), iya yadda kwamfutar za ta fara nauyi, ta fara tafiya lakakai-lakakai.  Don haka, a duk sadda ka gama amfani da wata manhaja, nan take ka kulle ta, sai kwamfutar ta samu sararin numfasa, ta rika amsa umarninka ba tare da wata matsala ba.  In so samu ne, ya zama ka rika budo manhaja guda daya a lokaci daya, sai in kana da bukatar wata manhaja da za ta taimaka maka wajen aikin da kake yi.  Duk da cewa idan kwamfutarka na dauke ne da ma’adanar wucin-gadi mai girman gaske.  Galibin kwamfutocin zamani yanzu kan zo ne da isasshiyar ma’adanar wucin-gadi.
Samar da Tsarin “API”
Aikin babbar manhajar kwamfuta ne ta tabbatar da tsarin daidaito tsakanin manhajojin da mai kwamfuta ke loda mata don amfani dasu.  Misali, da kamfanin Microsoft ya tashi gina babbar manhajar Windows, ya samar da wasu isharori da ke ishara zuwa ga dukkan hanyoyin da ya samar a babbar manhajar, wadanda dole ne duk wani mai gina manhajar kwamfuta da ake so a yi amfani da ita a kan babbar manhajar kwamfuta ta Windows dole ne su dace da mahallinta.  Wadannan isharori su ake kira Application Programming Interface, ko API a gajarce.  
A matsayinka na kwararre wajen gina manhajar kwamfuta (Computer Programmer), duk manhajar da kake son ginawa don a yi amfani da ita kwamfuta mai dauke da babbar manhajar Windows, dole ne ka samu wadannan isharori, don shigar da su cikin dabarun da kake amfani da su wajen gina manhajar.  Amfanin hakan shi ne, da zarar an zo loda wa kwamfuta wannan manhaja taka, nan take babbar manhajar kwamfutar za ta kalli tsarin manhajar, sai ta tabbatar akwai wadannan isharori masu nuni zuwa ga tsarinta, sannan ta bayar da dama a loda mata.  In kuwa ba su dace ba, nan take za ta sanar da kai cewa “Babu dacewa a tsakaninta da manhajar.”  Wannan shi ake kira “Application Compatibility.”
Wadannan, a takaice, su ne bangaren wannan mahimmin aiki na karshe da suka shafi babbar manhajar kwamfuta.