Tsarin babbar manhajar kwamfuta (1)

Duk da yawaitar kasidu kan kwamfuta da tsarinta wajen hada alaka da ’yan uwanta a babin sadarwa, tsawon shekaru bakwai da muka yi muna ta rubutu, ba mu taba yin nazari na musamman kan babbar manhajar kwamfuta ba.  Duk da cewa a wasu lokuta mukan amsa tambayoyin masu karatu kan haka, ko kuma yin ishara […]

Duk da yawaitar kasidu kan kwamfuta da tsarinta wajen hada alaka da ’yan uwanta a babin sadarwa, tsawon shekaru bakwai da muka yi muna ta rubutu, ba mu taba yin nazari na musamman kan babbar manhajar kwamfuta ba.  Duk da cewa a wasu lokuta mukan amsa tambayoyin masu karatu kan haka, ko kuma yin ishara kan babbar manhajar kwamfuta na kamfanin Microsoft, wato Windows, amma kasida ta musamman ba ta taba samuwa ba, a wannan shafi. Wannan ya sa na yi nazari na musamman, ta la’akari da masu karatun wannan shafi, wadanda a kullum suke min tambaya mai zurfi kan tsarin babbar manhajar kwamfuta, musamman na kamfanin Microsoft, wato Windows, don samar da kasida ta musamman wacce za ta yi bayanin tsarin babbar manhaja a ilimance, don taimaka wa galibin dalibai a wannan fanni su fahimci ilimin cikin sauki.
Bayan wannan bangare har wa yau, zan kuma kawo kasida ta musamman mai tsawo, wacce za ta yi nazari mai zurfi ita ma, kan tsarin Hanyar Sadarwa ta Intanet, wato Imel ke nan. Daga nan kuma zan kawo wata kasidar ta musamman ita ma da za ta yi nazari mai zurfi har wa yau, kan tsarin Gajeren Sakon Waya, wato Short Message Serbice (SMS – Tedt Message).  Wadannan kasidu, tsarinsu zai saba wa yadda na saba rubutu kan maudu’i irin nasu wajen amsa tambayoyin da aka yi mini a baya.  Tsari ne da zai dubi fannonin a ilimance, ta hanyar zurfafa bayanai da tabo kusan duk wani bangare mai muhimmanci da shafi wadannan bangarori na ilimi, kuma cikin harshe da kalmomi masu saukin fahimta.  Da fatan za a kasance tare da mu.
Ma’ana da Asali
A harshen Turancin kimiyyar sadarwa ta zamani idan aka ce: Operating System ana nufin babbar manhajar kwamfuta ke nan, wacce ke tafiyar da dukkan ayyukan da kwamfuta ke gudanarwa.  A takaice dai, ita ce rai ko ruhin kwamfutar gaba daya.  Domin idan babu wannan ruhi, kwamfuta duk girmanta ba za ta iya aikata komai ba.  Idan masu karatu ba su mance ba, shekaru biyar da suka wuce, a cikin kasida mai taken: Kwamfuta da Manhajojinta, na bayyana cewa kowace kwamfuta na dauke da manyan bangarori guda biyu ne; bangaren gangar jiki da bangaren ruhi.
bangaren gangar-jiki, wanda a harshen Turanci ake kira Hardware, shi ne bangaren kwarangwal din kwamfutar; duk wani abin da kake gani kuma kake iya taba shi a ciki ko wajen kwamfuta, hada har da wadanda za a iya zuwa a makala mata don wasu bukatu nata.  bangaren ruhi kuma shi ne wanda ake kira Software.  Ruhi mafi girma da kowace kwamfuta ke dauke da shi kuwa ita ce babbar manhaja, wato Operating System.  Wannan ruhi ne ke lura da dukkan abubuwa da ayyukan da kwamfuta ke aiwatarwa.  Daga lokacin da ka kunna kwamfuta zuwa lokacin kashewa, duk abin da kake gani shafinta kuma kake iya mu’amala da shi, a fili yake ko a boye, kai tsaye kake mu’amala da shi ko ba kai tsaye ba, ka san shi ko ba ka san shi ba, ruhi ne, ko manhaja ko kuma masarrafar kwamfutar.  Haduwar wadannan bangarori biyu ne ke samar da kwamfuta.
Muhimmancin babbar manhaja ba abu ba ne da za a tsaya ana zayyanawa. Domin yadda ka san ruhin dan Adam ke da muhimmanci, to haka muhimmancin babbar manhaja yake ga kwamfuta; idan babu babbar manhaja, ka share kawai.
Babbar manhajar kwamfuta ta samo asali ne tun samuwar abin da ake iya kira da suna kwamfuta irin ta zamani.  Ma’ana, kwamfutoci masu aiki da wuta ko makamashin lantarki ke nan.  Amma kwamfutocin zamanin baya, wadanda ba su bukatar wutar lantarki wajen aiwatar da wani aiki, ana kiransu Mechanical Computer ne.  Kuma daga lokacin da aka fara samar da kwamfuta mai aiki da manhaja (Software) zuwa yau, an samar da babbar manhajar kwamfuta masu dimbin yawa da ba su iya kidanyuwa saboda yawansu, da nau’untakansu, da kamaiceceniyarsu, da kuma tsarinsu.  A halin yanzu ana da babbar manhajar kwamfuta sama da nau’i dari, daga kamfanoni sama da arba’in.  Akwai wadanda suka kwanta dama, an daina amfani da su; akwai kuma wadanda har yanzu ana ta bugawa da su; sannan akwai wadanda ’yan bana-bakwai ne, yanzu ake kan rainonsu.
Yadda aka faro da gangar jikin kwamfuta irin na zamanin da, wadanda a yanzu idan muka kalle su za mu ga sun yi wani bambarakwai; sun yi muni, haka ma tsarin babbar manhajar kwamfuta ya faro; da launin fari da baki, babu launi, masu wuyar sha’ani, har a yau aka wayi gari kwamfutoci na dauke da manyan manhaja masu inganci, masu karfi, masu saukin mu’amala, masu kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da ayyuka masu dimbin yawa a lokaci daya.  Wannan ci gaba ne mai girman gaske. Duk wanda ya taba amfani da kwamfutoci shekaru 20 da suka gabata zai fahimci abin da nake magana a kai.
Babbar manhajar kwamfuta na zamanin baya yanayinsu ya danganci tsarin gangar jikin kwamfutocin zamaninsu ne.  Misali, kwamfutocin farko ba su da mizani mai girma na ma’adana.  Kwamfutocin shekarun 1980s misali, duk girman mizanin babbar ma’adanarsu bai wuce 10MB!  Wannan ya sa babbar manhajarsu (wanda galibi duk Disk Operating System – DOS – ne) suka zama kanana, wasu ma a cikin ma’adanar Floppy Disk suke.  Idan ka tashi kunna kwamfuta, sai ka zura mata babbar manhajarta, da zarar ta tashi, sai ka ci gaba da amfani da ita.  
Bayan kasancewar babbar manhajar karama ce sanadiyyar kankantar babbar ma’adanar kwamfutar, duk sauran masarrafai ma a cikin ma’adanar Floppy Disk suke, ba a cikin kwamfuta ba.  Ba a fara samun babbar manhaja mai saukin mu’amala, wacce ake loda wa kwamfuta tun ran gini, tare da dora mata masarrafar amfani kai tsaye ba, sai gab da shekarar 1990.
Dabarun Ginawa da Habakawa
Dabarun gina babbar manhajar kwamfuta suna da dimbin yawa, kuma su ake kira Programming Languages a harshen Turancin kimiyyar sadarwa na zamani.  Kowace babbar manhajar kwamfuta na da bangarori guda biyu ne. Akwai bangaren madarar manhajar, wanda ake kira Kernel, da kuma bangaren manhajar wanda mai kwamfutar ke iya gani ya yi mu’amala da shi.  Galibin babbar manhajar kwamfuta ana gina asalin madararsu su ne da dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta irin su: C, da C++.  Wadannan dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta ne aka dade ana amfani da su saboda ingancinsu da kuma sauri wajen isar da sako ga na’urar da ke dauke da manhajar da aka gina ta da su.
Babbar manhajar Windows na kamfanin Microsoft an gina madarar manhajarta ne da C da kuma C++.  Dabarar gina manhaja na C++ ya samo asali ne daga C.  Haka babbar manhajar kwamfuta mai suna LINUd/UNId, da MAC OS na kamfanin Apple, duk su ma da dabarar gina manhajar kwamfuta na C aka gina su.  
bangare na biyu na babbar manhajar kwamfuta shi ne bangaren manhajojin da mai mu’amala da kwamfutar ke iya gani tare da amfani da su wajen baiwa kwamfuta umarni.  Su kuma wadannan ana gina su ne galibi da wadancan dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta na C da C++, da wasu kanana irin su Python (a bangaren LINUd/UNId), da irin su: bisual Basic .Net, da C# (C Hash) – na bangaren Windows na kamfanin Microsoft.  A bangaren babbar manhajar MAC OS ma haka lamarin yake; asalin madarar manhajar (MAC Kernel) an gina ta ne da dabarar gina manhaja na C.
Wannan madarar babbar manhajar kwamfuta da ake kira Operating System Kernel wani bangare ne mai matukar muhimmanci, kuma shi ne wanda ke taimakawa wajen isar da sakon manhajar da mai kwamfuta ke amfani da su ga babbar cibiyar sarrafa bayanai da ke kwamfuta, wato na’ura da ake kira CPU (ko Central Processing Unit).  Wadda cibiya da ke makale a jikin kundun kwamfuta, wato Motherboard, wacce ke karbar umarni daga babbar manhajar kwamfuta don isar da shi ga bangaren gangar jikin kwamfuta ta zartar ba tare da bata lokaci ba.
Wannan ke nuna mana cewa babbar manhajar kwamfuta ce sila tsakanin mai amfani da kwamfuta da gangar jikin kwamfutar gaba daya.  Ga yadda tsarin yake: Idan ka kunna kwamfuta za ka ci karo da manhajojin da za su sawwake maka tsakanin mu’amala da ita ne.  Idan Windows ce, za ka ga shafin farko, wato Desktop, a can bangaren hagu daga kasa kuma za ka ci karo da tambarin Start, wanda ke dauke da muhimman wuraren da ke cikin kwamfutar baki daya. A nan ne za ka ga dukkan masarrafan da ke kwamfutar a jere, wadanda ka sa da wadanda ta zo da su.  Wannan shi ne matakin farko.  Da zarar ka fara amfani da kwamfutar ta wadannan hanyoyi, sai bangaren babbar manhaja na farko, wato Madarar manhajar – Operating System Kernel – ya rika karbar umarnin da kake baiwa kwamfutar, yana mika wa babbar cibiyar sarrafa bayanai, wato CPU, don zartarwa, nan take.  Ke nan, akwai matakin manhajar mai mu’amala, da matakin madarar manhajar, sai kuma gangar jikin kwamfutar.  
(Zan ci gaba)