Tsarin sadarwar wayar iska (Wireless Communication) (4)

Home Location Register (HLR)Bangaren Home Location Register (HLR), shi ne mai lura da dukkan bayanan da suka shafi layi ko lambar da kake amfani da ita a wayar salularka; yaushe ka fara amfani da ita?  Nawa ka zuba a ciki tunda ka saya?  Wani layi ka kira na karshe?  Kai a ina ma kake a […]

Home Location Register (HLR)
Bangaren Home Location Register (HLR), shi ne mai lura da dukkan bayanan da suka shafi layi ko lambar da kake amfani da ita a wayar salularka; yaushe ka fara amfani da ita?  Nawa ka zuba a ciki tunda ka saya?  Wani layi ka kira na karshe?  Kai a ina ma kake a halin da ake magana?  Idan mai karatu na cikin wadanda suka fara amfani da wayar salula tsakanin shekarar 2000 zuwa 2010 misali, a duk sadda ya dubi fuskar wayar salularsa a lokacin, zai ga tana nuna masa sunan bigiren da yake; a Area 1 ne ko Wuse ko Kano ko Kaduna; Unguwa Uku ne ko Sallare ko BUK?  Duk inda kake, Home Location Register ne ke dauke da bayanin inda kake.  Kuma wannan zai rika nunawa (idan ka tsara wayarka ta rika nunawa kenan).  Har wa yau, aikin wannan bangare ne ya rika hada ka da wanda kake son magana dashi yayin da ka buga lambarsa; ya kuma rika isar da masu nemanka ta lambar da kake amfani dashi a wannan lokaci. Haka idan ka zo karshen maganar da kake yi da abokin maganarka, Home Location Register ne zai tsayar da sadarwar (idan ka kashe wayarka ko abokin maganarka ya kashe tasa).  Wannan kadan cikin aikin wannan bangare kenan dake Mobile Switching Center (MSC), wato babban zangon sadarwa da kowane kamfanin sadarwa ta wayar salula ke amfani dashi.  Sai bangare na biyu:
bisitor Location Register (bLR)
Sai kuma bangaren bisitor Location Register (bLR), wanda aikinsa ne ya taskance lambobin wani zangon da ba nashi bane, a matsayin “masu ziyara” kenan.  Misali, idan a Kaduna kake, a Unguwar Sarki, sai kaje ziyara Bauchi, kuma wayar salularka na da layin MTN, kana zuwa, bisitor Location Register zata sheda ka, cewa bako ne kai, duk da cewa kamfanin daya ne.  Hujja a nan kuwa shi ne, don dukkan bayanan da lambarka ta kunsa suna zangon sadarwa (wato Cell Tower) ne dake Unguwar Sarki na Kaduna.  Kana shigowa sai bisitor Location Register ta taskance bayananka na wucin-gadi, har ka gama abin da ya kawo ka, ka tafi.  Iya zamanka a Bauchi, za ka samu sadarwa da wadanda suke wasu wurare kuma kai ma za a iya samunka.  Haka idan kana tsarin Roaming ne, wato tsarin dake bayar da daman wuce kadadan yanayin sadarwar kamfanin dake sadar da kai, don ci gaba da samun hanyar sadarwa ba tare da matsala ba.  Da zarar ka bar wannan bigire, sai a share bayanan lambarka dake wannan taska.
Authentication Center (AuC)
Bangaren Authentication Center rumbun bayanai ne na nau’ukan kalmomin shiga da masu lambobin sadarwa ke tsare layukansu dasu.  Misali, idan ka sanya wa layin sadarwarka PIN Code, to kalmomin da ka shigar na zarcewa ne kai tsaye zuwa Authentication Center.  Wannan wani nau’i ne na tsaro ga masu layukan, inda babu wanda zai iya ganin bayanan sirrin da suka taskance a layukan wayoyinsu sai su, ko kuma wanda suka ga daman bashi kalmomin da suka shigar.  Har wa yau, idan kana da PIN Code babu wanda zai iya katse maka sadarwarka ta kowace hanya ce, a halin da kake magana da wani.  Kowace irin na’ura yayi amfani da ita kuwa.  Wannan tasa hukumar Amurka taki amincewa da wannan tsarin sadarwa na GSM, domin idan mutum ya bugo maka waya, baza ka iya sanin daga ina yake bugo maka ba, sai in gaya maka yayi.  Hakan na da wahalar ganewa domin dukkan layukan, lambobin kamfani daya suke amfani da su, kuma sun takaita ga kamfanonin sadarwar ne, ba wata jiha ko wasu birane ba.  Sabanin tsarin sadarwar tarho na Landline, inda za ka iya sanin daga inda ake bugo maka.  Kasar Amurka ta ki wannan tsari ne saboda dalilai irin na tsaro.  Idan ana son gano inda kake, daga inda kake waya kawai ana iya tace maganan da kake yi da abokin maganarka; ana iya sanin daga bigiren da kake bugowa ko kake karban sakon, da dai sauran bayanai.  Amma da tsarin GSM ba su iya wannan sam ko kadan, sai da hadin kan kamfanin sadarwarka.  Bayan harkar tsaro ma, doka ta baiwa masu amfani da layukansu kariya; kotu ce kadai za ta iya bayar da odar a aiwatar da wani abu makamancin wannan.    Shi yasa hukumar Amurka ta samu kanta cikin tasko cikin badakalar dan matashin na mai suna: Edward Snowden.  Ire-iren wadannan hanyoyi sun hada da PIN Code, da PUK Code, da kuma Security Code.  Dukkansu a taskance suke cikin wannan rumbun tantancewa, wato: Authentication Center.
Ekuipment Identity Register (EIR)
Wannan bangare ne ke dauke da dukkan sunayen wayoyin salular dake dauke da layi ko lambar kamfanin sadarwar.  Ma’ana, idan ka sayi layin MTN, ka sanya cikin wayar salularka nau’in Samsung Galady Grand 2, misali, wannan bangare ne zai taskance nau’in wayar da kake amfani da ita, ya tabbata mai kyau ce wacce aka kera ta amfani da ka’idojin sadarwa ta duniya, mai kuma dauke da lambobin sadarwa ta duniya da bayanan su suka gabata, wato International Mobile Ekuipment Identity.  Idan ba mai kyau bace, ko kuma bata cika wannan ka’ida ba, wannan bangare na Ekuipment Identity Register zai lika mata alamar “Inbalid”, ma’ana wacce bata cika ka’ida ba, kuma baza a iya amfani da ita ba.  Haka idan aka sace maka wayar salularka mai dauke da katin SIM dinka a kai, kana iya sanar da kamfanin sadarwarka, za su lika mata wannan alama ta “Inbalid”.  A wasu lokuta ma suna iya bata wayar idan kana so, ya zama barawon ya yi aikin banza kenan.  Amma ba duk kamfanin sadarwa ke yin haka ba, saboda tsoron keta da wani na iya wa wayar wani.  Don babu aminci a tsakaninmu kuma mutane basu bin doka, shi yasa.   Don haka, sai ka je kotu da ofishin ‘yan sanda sun baka takardar shedar rantsuwa cewa eh, da gaske wayarka ce, ba wai so kake ka bata na wani ba.  
Wadannan, a takaice sune manya kuma muhimman bangarorin dake dauke cikin wannan babban zangon kamfanin sadarwa, wato Mobile Switching Center (MSC).  A yanzu ga dan takaitaccen tsarin da kowane sako na kira ko rubutaccen sakon tes ke bi kafin isa ga wanda aka aika masa.
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