Yadda Taliban ke samun kudade

Kungiyar mai mayaka 100,000 na samun miliyoyin daloli a duk shekara.

Bayan shekara 20 tana yakar sojojin Amurka da na kasashen hadin gwiwa, Taliban ta kwace iko a Afghanistan, kasar da aka hambarar da gwamnatin kungiyar a 2001.

Taliban na daga cikin wadanda ake ganin su ne mafiya karfin tattalin arziki a cikin kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya a duniya.

• Tarihin Taliban da yakin shekara 20 a Afghanistan
• Kusoshin Taliban 6 da suka jagoranci kifar da gwamnatin Afghanistan

– Karfin sojin Taliban

Taliban ta mulki Afganistan daga 1996 zuwa karshen 2001, lokacin da sojojin kawancen Amurka da suka mamaye Afghanistan suka kifar da gwamnatin kungiyar.

Duk da shekara 20 da aka kwashe sojojin kawancen Amurkan na yakar kungiyar da kashe dubban mayakanta, amma a shekarun baya-bayan nan ikon kungiyar da karfin sojinta sun karu.

A cewar Amurka, a tsakiyar 2021 yawan mayakan kungiyar sun haura 70,000 zuwa 100,000, wanda ya ninka mayaka kimanin 30,000 da kungiyar take da su shekara 10 kafin nan.

Daukar nauyi da kuma gudanar da mayaka masu wannan yawa na bukatar kudade masu  yawan gaske.

Kiyasin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna kudaden shigar kungiyar a duk shekara daga 2011 zuwa abin da ya biyo baya ya kai Dala miliyan 400.

Wani binciken kafar yada labarai ta BBC ya nuna zuwa karshen 2018, kudaden shigar kungiyar sun karu sosai zuwa Dala biliyan 1.5 a shekara.

– Ta ina Taliban ke samun kudade?

Abin tambaya shi ne ta yaya kungiyar take samun kudenta?

Tattaunawar da BBC ta yi a cikin Afghanistan da kasashen waje na nuni da cewa kungiyar tana gudanar da tsarin hadahadar kudi na zamani da tsarin haraji.

Tana kuma samar da wasu hanyoyin samun kudin shiga. Ga wasu daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da kungiyar ke samun kudade.

1 – Gudunmawa daga kasashen waje

Jami’an Afghanistan da Amurka sun dade suna zargin kasashe — irinsu Pakistan, Iran da Rasha — da taimaka wa Taliban da kudade, zargin da kasashen suka sha musantawa.

Ana kuma zargin daidaikun matane a Saudiyya da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Qatar da wasu kasashen yankin Gulf da kuma Pakistan su ne manyan masu tallafa wa kungiyar da kudade.

Duk da cewa ba za a iya auna yawan kudaden da Taliban ke samu ta wadannan hanyoyi ba, ana zargin kungiyar na samun kaso mai tsoka na kudaden shigarta ta wadannan hanyoyin biyu da ta dade tana amfani da su.

Masana na ganin abin da kungiyar ke samu a shekara daga daidaikun mutane da gwamnatocin kasashen waje zai kai Dala miliyan 500.

Wani rahoton sirri na Amurka ya kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2008 Taliban ta karbi Dala miliyan 106 daga kasashen waje, musamman daga yankin Gulf.

2 – Ma’adanai

Afghanistan tana da wadatattun ma’adanai da duwatsu masu daraja, amma yawancinsu ba a amfana da su sosai sakamakon shekaru da kasar ta shafe cikin rikice-rikice.

Bangaren hakar ma’adinai na Afghanistan na samar da abin da ya kai Dala biliyan Daya a duk shekara, a cewar jami’an gwamnatin kasar.

Yawanci kananan masu hakar ma’adanai ne suke yin harkar, kuma galibinsu ba bisa ka’ida ba.

A tsawon lokaci Taliban ta karbe ikon wuraren hakar ma’adanai, inda take karbar kudade daga masu ayyukan hakar ma’adanai bisa doka da ma masu yi ta bayan fage.

A rahotonta na shekara-shekara na 2014, Kwamitin Kula da Tallafi da Taimako na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce Taliban ta samu sama da Dala miliyan 10 a shekara daga ayyukan hakar ma’adanai 25 zuwa 30 ba bisa ka’ida ba a Kudancin lardin Helmand.

3 – Fadada wuraren iko

Hanyoyin samun kudaden Taliban ba su tsaya kawai ga harkar hakar ma’adanai da samun taimako daga kasashen waje ba.

A wata budaddiyar wasika a shekarar 2018, kungiyar ta umarci ’yan kasuwa su biya haraji kan kayayyaki daban-daban — ciki har da da man fetur da kayan gini — yayin tafiya a yankunan da take iko da su.

Yanzu kuma da kungiyar ta hambarar da gwamnatin Afganistan, ita ke iko da dukkan manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci a kasar, gami da hanyoyi da iyakokin kasar. Hakan ya samar mata da karin hanyoyin samun kudaden shiga daga masu shigowa kaya kasar ko fitarwa.

Sannan a shekara 20 da suka gabata, adadi mai yawa na kudaden Yammacin Turai ya kare cikin aljihun Taliban bisa kuskure.

Da farko, ’yan Taliban sun sanya haraji kan ayyukan raya kasa da kayayyakin more rayuwa — da suka hada da hanyoyi da makarantu da dakunan shan magani — wadanda galibi kasashen Yamma ne ke daukar nauyinsu.

Na biyu, ana tunanin Taliban na samun miliyoyin Daloli a kowace shekara daga harajin manyan motocin da ke yin jigilar kayan sojojin kasa da kasa da ke jibge a sassan Afghanistan.

Ana kuma zargin tana samun makudan kudade daga ayyukan da gwamnatin Afghanistan ta samar.

Wani shugaban kamfanin lantarki na Afghanistan ya shaida wa BBC a shekarar 2018 cewa ’yan Taliban suna samun sama da Dala miliyan biyu a shekara ta hanyar cajin masu amfani da wutar lantarki a sassan kasar.

Ga kuma riba da kudaden shiga da kungiyar take samu kai tsaye daga rikici — A duk lokacin da ’yan Taliban suka kwace wani wurin soji ko cibiyar birane, suna kwashe abin da ke cikin taskokin ajiya, su kwace makamai masu yawa da motocin masu sulke da sauran motoci.

4 – Kasuwar miyagun kwayoyi

Ana zargin kungiyar ta jima tana amfani da tsarin karbar haraji — har daga masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi — don daukar nauyin ayyukanta.

Afghanistan ita ce mafi girma a duniya wajen samar da sinadarin opium, wanda ake tacewa don yin tabar heroin.

Kimar Opium din da Afghanistan ke samar wa kasuwar heroin ta duniya a shekara ya kai Dala biliyan 1.5 zuwa biliyan uku.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce akalla mutum 120,000 ne ke noma opium a Afghanistan a shekarar 2019, kuma gwamnatin kasar ta ce ana karbar kashi 10 cikin 100 na abin da manoman suka girbe a matsayin harajin noma.

Akwai kuma rahotanni da ke nuna ana karbar haraji daga dakunan gwaje-gwajen da ke sarrafa opium zuwa heroin, da masu fasakwaurin heroin din.

Kididdiga ta nuna abin da Taliban ke samu daga masu opium a shekara ya kai Dala miliyan 100 zuwa 400, wanda ya kai kashi 60 cikin 100 na kudaden shigar kungiyar, inji Babban Kwamandan Amurka, Janar John Nicholson a cikin rahoton 2018 na sake gina Afghanistan.

Amma wasu masana sun ce abin da kungiyar take samu bai kai ko kusa da hakan ba.

Sannan ’yan Taliban sun sha nesanata kansu da masana’antar magunguna da harkar opium, suna kuma alfahari cewa gwamnatinsu ta dakatar da noman opium din na dan lokaci a shekarar 2000.